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His use of magnets and high doses of iron didn’t impress the medical community in the U.S. or even in France where he later fled. Skeptics claimed that Mesmer’s patients were improved by their desire to get better — not by his magnetism or hypnosis. Regardless, Psychologist Philip Cushman notes his long-lasting impact.“In certain ways, mesmerism was the first secular psychotherapy in America, a way of ministering psychologically to the great America unchurched. It was an ambitious attempt to combine religion with psychotherapy, and it spawned ideologies such as mind cure philosophy, the New Thought movement, Christian Science and American spiritualism,” he wrote.Now on to Freud. If you’ve ever used the term “anal retentive” or “Freudian slip,” you’ve kept Freud’s influence on modern day culture alive and well. Although controversial, Freud’s theories center on the two-part human mind — the conscious and the unconscious. He saw the human personality as the id, ego, and superego and suggested that children go through a series of psychosexual stages.In addition to his insights into dreams and defense mechanisms, one of his greatest contributions was talk therapy. The simple idea of talking about a problem to help alleviate it came from his work with colleague Josef Breuer and one of his patients, Bertha Pappenheim. Through Pappenheim’s treatment for hysteria, they noticed that discussing her experiences provided some relief for her symptoms of blurred vision, hallucinations, and partial paralysis. Pappenheim referred to the treatment as the “talking cure.”

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Just a few decades later in 1962, Albert Ellis published his first book on Rational Emotional Behavior Therapy, the first major form of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). One of the most popular systems of psychotherapy today, CBT aims to change patterns of sometimes irrational thinking or behavior that are behind people’s challenges to change the way they think, feel, or behave.Cognitive psychotherapy, developed by Aaron Beck, tweaked this further to say that what we think dictates what we feel. He developed the Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy in 1994 and created the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, important metrics for measuring the severity of these disorders.Therapy TodayIn 1972 at the International Conference on Computer Communications, staff from Stanford and UCLA linked computers to demonstrate a psychotherapy session. When personal computers were introduced four years later, it laid the groundwork for support groups and individual therapy options on a larger scale.In 1995, David Sommers was the first to offer fee-based internet therapy. One year later, Congress passed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to help protect patient information during the growth of telehealth and digital healthcare initiatives.